Understanding primate communities: Recent developments and future directions

In 1999, the edited volume Primate Communities presented several studies that examined broad‐scale patterns of primate diversity.¹ Similar studies were being conducted on nonprimate taxa; advances in data availability and statistical approaches were allowing scientists to investigate a variety of new questions and to reexamine classical questions in novel ways. While such studies on nonprimate taxa have continued at a steady pace, they have only crept forward for primate species (Fig. 1 ). In the intervening time, the field of macroecology (Box 1) rapidly developed and has resulted in several books 2 - 4 and the establishment of new research institutes. We suggest that examining primate communities, especially in a macroecological context, is an important line of research for our field to embrace and an area where biological anthropologists can provide major contributions. We review the current state of research, describe new datasets and research tools, and suggest future research directions.     

基于叶绿体DNA atpB-rbcL区序列探讨石蒜属种间系统发育关系

摘要：为了探讨石蒜属（Lycoris Herb.）的种间系统发育关系,对石蒜属95个材料包括15种、4变种及2个人工杂种的叶绿体 DNA atpB-rbcL间隔区进行了测序,结合花部形态和核型特征,探讨了石蒜属种间系统关系及其可能的杂交起源,结果表明：在系统发育树上亲缘关系近的材料聚在一起,其中矮小石蒜（L. radiata var. pumila）和换锦花（L. sprengeri）与2个人工杂交种（Hybrid 1、Hybrid 2）、麦秆石蒜（L. straminea）、江苏石蒜（L. houdyshelii）、短蕊石蒜（L. caldwellii）和乳白石蒜（L. albiflora）具有密切的亲缘关系。atpB-rbcL序列揭示的石蒜属种间关系与染色体核型的分类结果部分一致,主要表现在具有近端部着丝粒(A)染色体的种与具有中部(M)和端部(T)着丝粒染色体的种各成一支,与形态和染色体分类结果一致;不同之处在于具有中部、端部和近端部着丝粒染色体的种分散在两个主要分支内,进一步验证了具有中部、端部和近端部3种着丝粒类型染色体组的石蒜如麦秆石蒜、江苏石蒜、短蕊石蒜和乳白石蒜等是杂交起源的假设,结合2个人工杂交种分析,揭示了短蕊石蒜和乳白石蒜的近端部着丝粒染色体来源于换锦花;麦秆石蒜和江苏石蒜近端部着丝粒染色体来源于矮小石蒜。     

Cartesian stiffness for wrist joints: analysis on the Lie group of 3D rotations and geometric approximation for experimental evaluation

This paper is concerned with the analysis and the numerical evaluation from experimental measurements of the static, Cartesian stiffness of wrist joints, in particular the human wrist. The primary aim is to extend from Euclidean spaces to so(3), the group of rigid body rotations, previous methods for assessing the end-point stiffness of the human arm, typically performed via a robotic manipulandum. As a first step, the geometric definition of Cartesian stiffness from current literature is specialised to the group so(3). Emphasis is placed on the choice of the unique, natural, affine connection on so(3) which guarantees symmetry of the stiffness matrix in presence of conservative fields for any configuration, also out of equilibrium. As the main contribution of this study, a coordinate-independent approximation based on the geometric notion of geodesics is proposed which provides a working equation for evaluating stiffness directly from experimental measurements. Finally, a graphical representation of the stiffness is discussed which extends the ellipse method often used for end-point stiffness visualisation and which is suitable to compare stiffness matrices evaluated at different configurations.     

岷江上游不同树种林地客土混合对土壤生物化学性质和枯落叶分解的影响

人工纯林的长期经营会引发连栽障碍,影响森林的可持续发展,解决途径是引进更新树种形成混交林。为了指导四川岷江上游人工纯林更新树种和混交比例的选择,尝试通过针阔叶树种林地腐殖质土壤及其枯落物的客置和混合原位培养试验,探讨不同树种种间关系的协调性。结果表明:(1)连香树、云南松和云杉林地经过各种客土混合后酶活性普遍都有所提高,而在糙皮桦林地,经云南松土壤客土混合后酶活性普遍有所下降,经云杉土壤客土混合后脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性有不同程度的提高,蔗糖酶活性却有所下降;(2)连香树和云南松林地经过各种客土混合后,加速了C和N由枯落物进入土壤,而在糙皮桦和云杉林地经过各种客土混合后,促进了N从枯落物和有机质矿化分解进入土壤的过程,但却会对有机C进入土壤产生抑制作用;(3)所有不同针阔叶树种林地经土壤客土混合后,对原有土壤的酸碱性起到中和的作用,即原来的阔叶林地土壤向偏酸性方向发展,而原来的针叶林地土壤向偏碱性方向发展;(4)所有不同树种林地的客土混合对枯落叶分解均具有明显的促进作用;(5)连香树林地的LM0.15~0.50和LY0.15~0.35、糙皮桦林地的HM0.15和HY0.15~0.50、云南松林地的ML0.15~0.50和MH0.35~0.50、云杉林地的YL0.35~0.50和YH0.35类型是相对较好的选择,可作为确定更新树种和混交比例的参考。     

食物、捕食及种间竞争对东方田鼠(Microtus fortis)种群攻击行为的作用

在野外围栏条件下,采用重复的2×2×2析因实验设计,测定食物、捕食和竞争物种黑线姬鼠对东方田鼠攻击行为作用的格局。东方田鼠各处理种群攻击水平与其种群密度的相关甚为复杂,与Chitty多态行为假设的预测不一致。东方田鼠双冲突个体间的攻击水平与其体重的相关不显著,而与冲突个体的体重差异则呈显著的负相关,体重差异越大,冲突个体间的攻击水平越低。雄体攻击水平与其繁殖特征无显著的相关关系,而雌体间攻击水平则受繁殖状态的影响,动情雌体间的攻击水平显著地高于非动情雌体。体重差异和食物对雄体的攻击行为具有极显著的独立作用,捕食和种间竞争对雄体攻击行为的独立作用不显著,而捕食与种间竞争交互作用对雄体攻击行为的效应则达到显著水平。体重差异、食物、捕食和种间竞争对动情雌体的攻击水平均有极显著的独立作用,3类外部因子交互作用的效应达到极显著水平;而3类外部因子交互作用对非动情雌体攻击行为的效应则不显著。结果检验了外部因子食物、捕食、种间竞争对田鼠类动物种群攻击行为具有独立和累加的整合效应的假设。     

The arctic fox Alopex lagopus in Fennoscandia: a victim of human-induced changes in interspecific competition and predation?

After a marked decline at the beginning of the 1900s, the arctic fox Alopex lagopus population in Fennoscandia has remained at a very low level. We suggest that the main cause for the population crash was winter starvation caused by (1) over-hunting of reindeer Rangifer tarandus populations, and thus reduced carcass availability in the mountains, and (2) increased interspecific competition for these carcasses because of increased invasion of red foxes Vulpes vulpes from lower altitudes. The failure of arctic fox populations to recover, despite increasing reindeer populations in the mid 1900s, can be explained by a concurrent strong increase in red fox numbers. Analyses of countywide hunting statistics from Norway 1891–1920 suggest that there actually was an increase in red fox numbers in the period of arctic fox decline, and that the increase in reindeer populations from the 1920s to the 1950s was accompanied by a new increase in red fox numbers. We conclude that restoring arctic fox populations most likely will require a substantial and lasting reduction of red fox populations.     

庞泉沟国家自然保护区森林群落木本植物种间关系的分析

应用基于二元数据的χ²检验、方差比率法和基于数量数据的Pearson相关系数检验及Spearman秩相关系数检验等数量方法,研究了庞泉沟国家级自然保护区(东经111°22′～111°33′,北纬37°45′～37°55′）森林群落（海拔1 600～2 430 m）21个优势种的种间关系。结果表明：研究区域内森林群落优势种群的种间关系较为松散（χ²_0.95N＜W＜χ²_0.05N）,种的分布相对独立,森林群落总体处于稳定阶段;但局部地段优势种群间存在着一定程度的竞争。位于山体中下部的群丛组Ⅰ、群丛组Ⅱ的总体关联性存在一定程度的负关联,但未达到显著水平; 位于山体上部的群丛组Ⅲ的总体关联性为无关联,种间关系较为松散。随着海拔的升高,三个群丛组的联结指数(VR)呈上升趋势,χ²检验显著率和Spearman秩相关检验的正负关联比有所增加,负显著率都明显下降,正显著率有升高的趋势,说明随着海拔的升高,种间关系表现为无关联,森林群落也趋于稳定。应用方差比率法与χ2检验、Pearson相关系数检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验较为清晰地揭示了庞泉沟自然保护区森林群落的种间关系。这四种方法可以互相弥补彼此的不足,结合使用效果更好。本研究结果支持随着群落演替进程的发展,群落结构及其种类组成将逐渐趋于完善和稳定,群落种群总体种间关系也将向着无关联发展的观点。     

高雄山虫草及其细脚拟青霉无性型

报道采自安徽省天堂寨自然保护区的高雄山虫草Cordyceps takaomontana及其无性型细脚拟青霉Paecilomyces tenuipes ,应用单子囊孢子分离鉴定和微循环产孢的方法确证了两者的对应关系,并修订了高雄山虫草的原始描述。双梭孢虫草C．bifusispora可能为高雄山虫草的同物异名。同时采集的具数个红色子座且有双梭形子囊孢子的虫草不是同一个种。     

高雄山虫草及其细脚拟青霉无性型

报道采自安徽省天堂寨自然保护区的高雄山虫草Cordyceps takaomontana及其无性型细脚拟青霉Paecilomyces tenuipes,应用单子囊孢子分离鉴定和微循环产孢的方法确证了两者的对应关系,并修订了高雄山虫草的原始描述。双梭孢虫草C．Bifusispora可能为高雄山虫草的同物异名。同时采集的具数个红色子座且有双梭形子囊孢子的虫草不是同一个种。